...
At the start, variations in the impedance signal are observed, primarily due to differences in conductivity between the buffer inside the LUTHOR scd Tip and the LUTHOR cell lysis buffer in the well (points 1, 2 and 3). When dispensing begins, the baseline remains continuous until a particle passes through the tip and is detected. This event is marked by a distinct and well-defined peak (point 4). After dispensing, fluctuations in the impedance signal can be seen as the tip exits the well (points 5 and 6).
...
Particles/debris smaller than a cell can also be detected and would result in small ohm values (see red Red arrows in Figure below):
...